Taoism
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Tao (the way of the Absolute; the way of the Force): derived from animism & ansestor worship, (ancient-)physics, philosophy, before 2600BC (In 2800BC?). In 2200BC Eperor Sheng-nong combinined all the shamens in the land into an organized religion (the oldest). Philosophy - all existance has been only in relation to an external Absolute (the Tao) the course of life & its foundation in relation to external truth. It advocates dicipline & non intervention with the course of nature, of sincerity, honesty, simplicity & selflessness, wereby the deciples can atain a state of harmony and union with the Tao. The Tao transcends the human relm, is invisible & universal. It is a force that is the source of all things. The primal essence (the Tao) evolved intelligence and creative ability bringing foth all things (Lao tzu). Its basis is to "go with the force." Experiance of the Tao is to be realised through silent contemplation, the absence of mental and physical strain, doing nothing and avoiding mortal sins which atract demons which cause bad luck. All phenomena are the result of interactions of two cosmic forces (created by the Tao), yin (passive force) and yang (active force) eg. the relation between night and day, shade/light, winter/summer, female/male, sorrow/joy, water/fire, evil/good, antimatter/matter, destruction/creation :- are all manifestations of the interplay of yin and yang. Another force belived in is Chi (some times called the minor tao) found in air, water, food and our bodies. Taoists strive for happiness and longevity. Taoism includes prayer, magic, special diets, breath control, meditaion (diffrent types depending on sect but often imagining motion of bodyly forces within or blank mind), recitation of scripture, astrology, divination, alchemy, communication with spirits of the dead & sexual practices. Its superstitious side is called Fung suai. The political policies of most of its scripture are radical ultranationalism (but not hardline), allowing almost absolute freedom (exept conscription) and has enviromentallist policies. Scripture: Tao-te-ching, I-ching, Chuang tzu, Lieh tzu, Huai-nau tzu, Hui ming ching, The golden flower and the Art of War. Chinese medicine, Kung fu, Tai chi, Qi gong, and Jujitsu (Japanese original killer judo) all are derived from Taoist thought. Greatest sage is Lao tzu. Taoism has many gods (angelic & demigods/Saints) and many sects (schools). Diffrent schools are panthiest, monothiest, athiest, promiscues, celibate, for or against magic, vary politically etc. Athietic schools controdict the context of there scripture. If you eliminate politics and superstition its philosophy forms the basis and backs up Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism and many other religions.