James Madison (1809-1817)
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James Madison inherited from previous administrations a crisis that continued brewing and threatened to lead to war. The British had been harassing and impressing American ships at sea since the Adams Administration, and all attempts to settle the issue with diplomacy failed. From the time he assumed office, Madison himself sought a diplomatic resolution. Finally, in 1812, Madison realized that the only way that peace could be achieved was through force. Americas will was being tested by a foreign power, and our resolve had to be proven. In June 1812, Congress declared war on Great Britain. In order to finance the war, Madison was forced to approve the extension of the life of the Bank of the United States. Keep in mind that this went against Madisons own view of limited government, as he personally viewed the bank as unconstitutional. However, Madison made this unpopular decision for the good of the country, as the bank was needed to win the war. For his part, Madisons wartime management left a lot to be desired. He relied on advice from individuals completely unfit to give it to him, and appointed incompetent generals to important posts. Madison initially sought to invade Canada and annex the British territory. However, several humiliating defeats near Montreal tarnished any hopes that Monroe had of gaining control of Canada. In 1813, the tide of the war seemed to turn as the American Navy experienced several victories over British ships at sea. Nevertheless, the British in 1814 approached the Chesapeake Bay with hopes of capturing the nation's capital of Washington D.C. Madison unwisely left an incompetent Secretary of War and a blundering general in charge of defending the city. In the summer of 1814 the British captured and burned most of Washington D.C. as a helpless Madison fled. The see-saw again came down on our side as the British attempt to take Fort McHenry failed miserably. In a war that had no end in sight and seemed to be a see-saw of losses and victories for both sides, Britain, entangled in a war with other European powers, decided to back down. They chose to pursue peace. Madison did not know this until after authorizing the attack at New Orleans. On December 24, 1814, a peace treaty was signed restoring the pre-war boundaries and ensuring American national independence. The goal had been achieved- the United States had sent a strong message to the world that this nation intended to remain the master of its own house. No power, no matter how powerful, would take over our country without a fight. So, in the final analysis, Madison can be considered a mediocre President for his efforts. As I wrote earlier, Madison, unlike his predecessors, realized that war was necessary to solidify the United States as a free and independent nation that would not tolerate nor ignore blatant challenges of its independence by foreign powers. Nevertheless, Madison's management of the war was indeed faulty and there is room for criticism. His failure to appoint competent generals and officials led to the early setbacks which plagued the war effort. In the end, neither side could technically claim victory in the war. Britain, in serious debt after wars just a few years earlier with France, grew tired of a war which it thought would be won much more easily. America, on the other hand, suffered its own share of defeat, and the peace treaty initiated by the British received a warm welcome from Madison. Madison went to war, realizing that Americas prestige was at stake the goal was to send a strong message to the rest of the world that the United States was a free and independent nation, and considering that Britain was the first to back down in the war, Madison was able to convey that message. He declared to the rest of the world that the United States intended to maintain its independence, even if this meant going to war against more powerful nations. As a leader, he made mistakes, but he lead the fight to preserve American independence, and in the end, the peace was preserved and a much more powerful nation was forced to retreat.