For the first time in the post-Civil War era, the crises faced by a President were mainly outside of U.S. borders. Like his predacessors, Cleveland failed to address the issue of the suppression of African American rights in the South. Cleveland's greatest domestic crisis was the Economic Depression of 1893, the greatest economic depression in history at that time. Economic recovery began to surface towards the end of Cleveland's term, signaling that Cleveland's policies on ending the Depression were successful. Despite the severe depression, many of President Cleveland's crises stemmed from violations of the Monroe Doctrine by European powers. The first came during his first term with Samoa. The United States had a right by treaty to establish a naval base on the islands. When Germany tried to install a puppet government in Samoa, Cleveland reacted by sending three warships to Samoa. The Samoan issue was not resolved until the Harrison Administration. During his second term, Cleveland became concerned with the Hawaiin Revolution of 1893. Cleveland pressured the revolutionary government to hand power back to Queen Liliuokalani. When the defiant Queen refused to grant amnesty to the revolutionaries, Cleveland, in a display of absolute apathy, washed his hands clean of the situation, leaving it for the next administration to handle. In his most controversial action in foreign affairs, Cleveland interfered with the Venezuelan boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana. Arguing that the British were attempting to expand their influence in Latin America by violating Venezuela's border, Cleveland threatened England with war. He even sent U.S. naval vessels near Venezuela to confront British naval ships. Fearful of war, England backed down and agreed to settle the border dispute. This was unquestionably Cleveland's greatest example of crisis management. His actions in Latin America reintroduced the Monroe Doctrine as an important doctrine in American foreign policy.