Vivisection for drug testing / medical research
1
Vivisection is a cruel action from one sentient being (humans) to another, (animals). Vivisection implies that we; with our emotions, our ability to reason and our capacity for pain, are more important than another creature with emotions, the ability to reason and a capacity for pain.
300 years ago doctors were treating heart attacks with leaches and putting contraptions around our genetalia that looked like it only belonged in the closets of the craziest sado-masochists. (http://www.collectmedicalantiques.com/quack4.html be sure to check out the spermatoria ring and the vaginal washer) animal testing may have served a useful purpose back in those days. However, we have evolved since then. Surgons no longer operate without first sterilizing
the equipment or amputate limbs without anesthesia. Medical Practice has evolved since then, so why haven't we?
Ethics aside, there are many limitations to vivisection that many of its supporters fail to consider.
To start, there is the obvious fact that humans, while animals, are physically different from many of the other animals that scientists test on. Remember phen-phen, was a great diet pill, many rats lost weight and suffered no side effects. Better put those pills on the market! whoops, turns out it killed people. Why? Apparently, rats and people are not the same. Want further evidence that animal testing is not the most reliable method? Unfortunately, I have several examples. TGN 1412 in the U.K. nearly killed many of the humans it was approved for.
Many toxicity tests seriously underestimate the human risk. Human sensitivity can be as much as 2,000 times greater than that of animals. They also fail to consider that the "information obtained from conventional acute toxicity studies is of little or no value in the pharmaceutical development process" (1)
Additionally, Tests in both rats and rabbits failed to detect the developmentally toxic effects of PCBs, ACE-inhibiting drugs, and other substances, and rabbits gave false negative results for toluene, tetracycline, diethylstilboestrol (DES), and other drugs (2)
Many tests did not detect the hazards of asbestos, benzene, bromodichloromethane, cigarette smoke, dichlorovos, lindane, DDT, selenium sulfide, and many other substances, delaying consumer warnings and worker protection measures by decades in some cases.(3)
Many biological mechanisms leading to cancer in rodents are irrelevant to humans (e.g., buildup of a2u-globulin in the kidneys of male rats, peroxisome proliferation in rodent livers, calcium phosphate-containing urinary buildup in rats) (4)
Rodents possess cancer-prone organs for which there are no human equivalents (e.g., forestomach, Harderian gland, Zymbal's gland) (5)
Animals are sometimes administered 100-times or more the equivalent human intake of a chemical (e.g., to consume the level of the pesticide Alar that was fed to rats and mice in one study would require eating 28,000 pounds of apples daily for 10 years) (5)
Commonly used strains of rats and mice are highly prone to spontaneous tumor development—even "control" animals who are not administered a test chemical—which confounds the interpretation of test results (6).
As a direct consequence of shortcomings cited above, pharmaceutical regulators have reported that fully 92% of drugs that pass preclinical (animal) testing fail clinical trials, because animal studies so often "fail to predict the specific safety problem that ultimately halts development" (7).
Seven different sources all confirm that animal testing is not the most accurate means to gather such important information. But if that is not enough, here is a quote from the FDA itself (Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical Products. Bethesda, MD: FDA. 2004)
"Currently available animal models, used for evaluating potential therapies prior to human clinical trials, have limited predictive value in many disease states." As Joshua Lederberg stated "The one or two or three hundred millions of dollars a year that we're now spending on routine animal tests are almost all worthless from the point of view of standard setting... [I]t is simply not possible with all the animals in the world to go through new chemicals in the blind way that we have at the present time, and reach credible conclusions about the hazards to human health. We are at an impasse. It is one that has deep scientific roots, and we had better do something about it."
In an attempt to put a face on the atrocities that we are commiting I have helpfully submitted links with pictures. DO NOT CLICK IF YOU ARE SQUEAMISH! DO NOT CLICK IF YOU ARE SQUEAMISH!
http://www.poppypalin.org/vivisection.jpg
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://liber ationbc.org/files/dog-res-01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://liberationbc.org/issues /vivisection&usg=__-uJp7O8XtUdvjV1ESgSlnnNHfaw=&h=389&w=500& ;sz=26&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=65K xHkWSR_dZ6M:&tbnh=101&tbnw=130&prev=/im ages%3Fq%3Dvivisection%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.k inshipcircle.org/columns_articles/images/pict_vivis ection.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kinshipcircle.o rg/columns_articles/topic_experimentation.html& usg=__LYPWYy7O5IEy7cGMCTnlz9Y96oE=&h=319&w= 237&sz=133&hl=en&start=7&um=1&t bnid=oaW0qHzwQzkrxM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=88&p rev=/images%3Fq%3Dvivisection%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26 um%3D1
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.k inshipcircle.org/columns_articles/images/pict_vivis ection.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kinshipcircle.o rg/columns_articles/topic_experimentation.html& usg=__LYPWYy7O5IEy7cGMCTnlz9Y96oE=&h=319&w= 237&sz=133&hl=en&start=7&um=1&t bnid=oaW0qHzwQzkrxM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=88&p rev=/images%3Fq%3Dvivisection%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26 um%3D1
I am an animal activist and have used these sources, gathered in my 10 + years in studying the subject, in an attempt to keep my emotions out of this. If you are interested in the subject please read the full articles outlined below.
1-Chapman, K. & Robinson, S. (2007). Challenging the requirement for acute toxicity studies in the development of new medicines. London: UK National Centre for the 3Rs.
2-Schardein, J.L. (2000). Chemically Induced Birth Defects, 3rd Ed. Rev. New York: Marcel Dekker.
3-Seidle, T. (2006). Chemicals and Cancer: What the Regulators Won’t Tell You. London: PETA Europe Ltd. 5-
4-Cohen, S.M. (2002). Bioassay bashing is bad science: Cohen’s response. Environ. Health Perspect. 110, A737.
5-American Council on Science and Health. (1997). Of Mice and Mandates: Animal Experiments, Human Cancer Risk and Regulatory Policies. New York: ACSH.
6-Haseman, J.K., Hailer, R.J. & Morris, R.W. (1998). Spontaneous neoplasm incidences in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice in two-year carcinogenicity studies: A National Toxicology Program update. Toxicol. Pathol. 26, 428-41.
7-Food & Drug Administration. (2004). Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical Products. Bethesda, MD: FDA.
By the way, I'm not fond of testing on humans either.